BIBLICAL Horizons, No. 133
Copyright (c) 2000 Biblical Horizons
September, 2000
Genesis 14:14 says that Abram mustered his trained men, “born in his house,” to rescue Lot, and gives their number as 318. It is clear that the precise number is provided for some reason, but what is it?
S. Gevirtz notes that 318 is the sum of all the prime numbers between 7 and 72, to wit: 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, & 47. [“Abram’s 318,” Israel Exploration Journal 19 (1969):110-113.] There are twelve primes in this set. Certainly, then, 318 is an interesting number, incorporating both 7 and 12. While this is true, it is not clear what it might have to do with the events in question.
The traditional rabbinic explanation is that 318 is the numerical value of the name of Abram’s chief servant, Eliezer (א = 1; ל = 30; י = 10; ע = 70; ז = 7; ר = 200). Gevirtz and others question this traditional explanation for two reasons. First, they say that there is no evidence for the use of gematria (see previous article) among the Jews prior to the Hellenistic period. To this we must reply that there is no evidence against it either. The fact is that just about the only Hebrew literature we have available to consult is the Old Testament. If we have a case of gematria here in Genesis 14, then that is evidence that it was employed from early times.
The second objection is that Eliezer is not mentioned in the story in Genesis 14, and that it is not clear how he would be connected to that story. Here, however, we can answer the objection clearly.
Genesis 15:1 begins “after these things.” Abram is afraid that Chedorlaomer will return, and God tells him not to fear. Abram also perceives that he is not in control of the promised land, and God shows him in a dream that his descendants will receive it eventually. Thus, Genesis 14 and 15 are one story, one event.
Now, in Genesis 15:2-3, Abram says that since he has not been given a son, his heir is Eliezer, a man “born in my house.” The phrase “born in the house” refers to adoption, not to a servant born of other servants, a slave born of slaves. Physical sons are offspring of a man’s body; adopted sons are offspring of his house. The ritual for such adoption as a second-class son, as a “son of the house,” under the Law is found in Exodus 21:5-6. (I have discussed this at length in my monograph Slavery in Biblical Perspective.)
Thus, Eliezer is Abram’s official son and heir, provided Abram never begets any children from his own loins. As such, Eliezer is clearly preeminent among all the other “homeborn sons” in Abram’s sheikhdom.
And this takes us back to Genesis 14:14. The 318 fighting men were all such adopted sons, “born in the house.” Eliezer was their captain. Thus, we have a clear link between the name Eliezer and the number 318 in this story.
Of course, this does not answer every question we have. It is interesting that the text tells us that 318 men went forth to rescue Lot, and that 318 is the number of the name of the lieutenant of this host. But why? Is this merely a curiosity?
I think that the explanation lies in the overall theology of Genesis. Repeatedly we are shown a younger son replacing an older son, as the second Adam must replace the first. The salvation of the older son is linked to the younger son: Joseph must save his older brothers; Esau’s salvation, if he wants it, is linked to Jacob.
In Genesis 13, Lot separated from Abram and moved into gentile territory, becoming part of the gentiles. Up until this point, Lot was Abram’s nearest relative, and thus his “son” and heir. Lot, thus, is like the older son who falls into sin. Now the younger son, Eliezer, comes with the father to rescue the wayward older son.
Practically speaking, neither Eliezer by himself, nor he and Abram alone, could have rescued Lot from Chedorlaomer’s army. They needed a company of men. But since the “homeborn” men numbered 318, and this links to Eliezer, captain of the “homeborn” men, the writer of Genesis wants us to make this connection. To use language closer to the New Testament: The father and his son, with the son’s church-people, ride forth to rescue the lost sheep.
In conclusion: It seems that for whatever reason, Abram took 318 men to rescue Lot. This may have been all the men he had, or all that were available. Or he may have had some other reason for taking this many. As it turns out, this number is the number of the name of Eliezer, captain of this host, and Abram’s son and heir. This coincidence happens in God’s providence, and is recorded for us so that we see once again the younger son moving out to rescue the wayward older son.
BIBLICAL Horizons, No. 133
Copyright (c) 2000 Biblical Horizons
September, 2000
Simon Peter went up, and drew the net to land, full of large fish, a hundred and fifty-three; and although there were so many, the net was not torn.
(John 21:11)
This is one of those texts in the Bible that many people puzzle over. It is not a puzzle for some. They say this just happens to be the record of the number of fish that were caught, evidence of a true fisherman’s recounting (e.g., Leon Morris; William Hendriksen). It is true that there were exactly 153 fish caught, but that is not the reason the precise number is given. It does not occur to such non-literary interpreters that the Holy Spirit often does not give precise numbers, and that if the precise number were not important, the text would only say “many fish” or “about 150 fish.”
Other commentators rightly notice that John’s gospel is full of signs and of allusions to Biblical symbols, such as those associated with the tabernacle, temple, feasts, sacrifices, days of creation, and so forth. Thus, they admit that the number must have some meaning; but what? A considerable number of proposals have been advanced over the centuries, and these are often listed in various commentaries (e.g., Beasley-Murray; Raymond Brown). Some are bizarre and arbitrary, and many have little to do with the actual event and context.
Raymond Brown contends that what argues against all such interpretations is that we have no reason to think the initial readers of John’s gospel would have caught any of them. I take up this objection below.
The number 153 can be factored as 3 x 3 x 17. We can examine the number 17 in the Bible, and we will find that it does occur in some important places. Of course, the numbers 7 and 10 are both numbers of completeness or totality. They are related to each other as 2 + 5 and 2 x 5. (Compare the relationship of 7 and 12: 3 + 4 and 3 x 4.) Both Book 3 and Book 4 of the Psalter contain 17 psalms. Also, notice the following:
Patriarchlifespanfactoredsum of factors
Abraham175 = 7×5x57+5+5 = 17
Isaac180 = 5×6x65+6+6 = 17
Jacob147 = 3×7x73+7+7 = 17
This can hardly be a coincidence.
Now, since both 7 and 10 are numbers of completeness and totality, their presence here would indicate a complete catch of large fish, of the nations of the world (see below). Multiplied twice by 3 this might indicate God’s total permeation of this redeemed world. I believe, however, that there is an even better understanding available.
Long ago, Augustine of Hippo pointed out that 153 is the triangular of 17. This means that if we add 17 + 16 + 15 + 14 … + 1, we come up with 153. This number can be expressed as a triangle:
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We in the modern world do not usually study triangular numbers, but they were known in the ancient world and thus formed part of the education of scholars like John, who, as the sophistication of his writings shows, was highly educated. Accordingly, I don’t think Brown is correct in assuming no ancient readers would have caught on to this. And since the Bible is ancient literature, we should investigate the possibility that the number 153 is intended as a triangular of 17. (There is in fact one other significant triangular number in the Bible: 666, which is the triangular of 36, itself the product of 6 x 6.)
Unfortunately, Augustine ignores the context of the passage in explaining the meaning of 7 and 10. Seven, he says, is for the seven-fold Spirit of God, and 10 is for the Ten Commandments. Commentators disposed to ridicule “allegorical interpretions” are thus able to dismiss his suggestion. My purpose is to rehabilitate it.
Let us look back at the event recorded in John 21. To begin with, we have to remember that in Biblical symbolism the land represents Israel and the sea represents the gentiles. The land is above the sea, with mountains on it reaching up toward heaven. The land is a “priestly” territory between God’s heaven and the rest of the world. Throughout the Old Testament the gentiles are often spoken of in terms of the sea, or are reached by crossing waters of one sort or another. This land-sea symbolism is applied consistently in the book of Revelation to distinguish the Jews and Judaizers from the gentiles.
Corresponding to this, the priestly people are symbolized as sheep, goats, and oxen, while the gentiles are symbolized by fish. Jonah, for instance, is swallowed by a big fish and then spat out again. This symbolized Israel’s going into Assyrian exile and then being returned to the land. Thus, the fish was Assyria, a place where Israel would be protected while dwelling in the gentile sea.
None of the priests, prophets, and kings of the Old Testament were fishermen. They were all farmers or animal husbandmen. By way of contrast, none of Jesus’ disciples was either a farmer or a husbandman. The most prominent of the disciples were fishermen. Nobody is shown eating fish in the Old Testament, but Jesus feeds the 5000 with fish, not with beef jerky. After His resurrection He eats a fish, not a piece of lamb. The disciples are almost never spoken of as shepherds; they are fishers of men. This shift in imagery indicates that Jesus’ new kingdom is going to go to the whole world, to the gentiles. (Significantly, Jesus combines shepherding and fishing right here in John 21, as Peter is told to “feed My sheep.”)
And now, in John 21, Peter catches 153 large fish. Clearly, these large fish speak of the nations of the world who are going to be caught in the net. The net is the kingdom of God, focussed in the Church. The net does not break, despite the large number of big fish. The Church will not be destroyed by the nations she converts, but will hold them and bring them to Jesus, as Peter does. As the net draws the fish, so Jesus draws all men to Himself.
The big fish as the gentile nations provides us with an explanation of the number 153 as the triangular of 17. The number of nations in the world in the Old Covenant, according to Genesis 10, was 70 (7 x 10). The next number that combines these two factors is 153. Notice:
7 + 10 = 17
7 x 10 = 70
